12 głównych czasów gramatycznych
informacje o 12-tu podstawowych czasach używanych wjęzyku angielskim wraz z przykładami i ćwiczeniami oraz do pobrania plik PDF o nazwie Kompendium czasów angielskich, który jest kompletnym materiałem edukacyjnym z zakresu podstawowych czasów używanych w języku angielskim.
Wstęp
W języku angielskim istnieje 12 głównych czasów gramatycznych, które dzielą się na trzy grupy (przeszłe, teraźniejsze i przyszłe), a każda z nich ma cztery aspekty (prosty, ciągły, perfect i perfect continuous).
1. Czasy teraźniejsze (Present)
-
Present Simple – czas teraźniejszy prosty
I work every day. (Pracuję codziennie.) -
Present Continuous – czas teraźniejszy ciągły
I am working now. (Teraz pracuję.) -
Present Perfect – czas teraźniejszy dokonany
I have worked here for five years. (Pracuję tutaj od pięciu lat.) -
Present Perfect Continuous – czas teraźniejszy dokonany ciągły
I have been working all day. (Pracuję cały dzień.)
2. Czasy przeszłe (Past)
-
Past Simple – czas przeszły prosty
I worked yesterday. (Pracowałem wczoraj.) -
Past Continuous – czas przeszły ciągły
I was working at 5 PM. (Pracowałem o 17:00.) -
Past Perfect – czas zaprzeszły
I had worked before you came. (Pracowałem, zanim przyszedłeś.) -
Past Perfect Continuous – czas zaprzeszły ciągły
I had been working for two hours before you came. (Pracowałem przez dwie godziny, zanim przyszedłeś.)
3. Czasy przyszłe (Future)
-
Future Simple – czas przyszły prosty
I will work tomorrow. (Będę pracować jutro.) -
Future Continuous – czas przyszły ciągły
I will be working at 5 PM tomorrow. (Będę pracować jutro o 17:00.) -
Future Perfect – czas przyszły dokonany
I will have worked here for five years by next year. (Będę tu pracować od pięciu lat do przyszłego roku.) -
Future Perfect Continuous – czas przyszły dokonany ciągły
I will have been working for two hours by 6 PM. (Będę pracować przez dwie godziny do 18:00.)
więcej o czasach teraźniejszych
Lekcja 1 Present Simple
Lesson 1: Present Simple (Czas teraźniejszy prosty)
1) When do we use Present Simple?
- Routines / habits (routines,
habits):
I wake up at 7 AM every day.
- Facts / general truths (facts,
general
truths):
The sun rises in the east.
- Permanent situations (permanent
situations):
He works in a bank.
- Timetables / schedules (timetables,
schedules):
The train leaves at 6 PM.
2) How to build sentences (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzenia)
Structure: Subject + Verb (+ -s for he/she/it).
2.2 Negative (przeczenia)
Structure: Subject + do/does + not + Verb (base form).
- I do not (don’t) eat meat.
- He does not (doesn’t) eat meat.
2.3 Questions (pytania)
Structure: Do/Does + Subject + Verb (base form) + … ?
- Do you like tea?
- Does she play tennis?
2.4 Short answers (krótkie odpowiedzi)
- Do you play? — Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
- Does she work? — Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
2.5 Frequency adverbs (częstotliwość)
always (zawsze), usually (zwykle), often (często), sometimes (czasami), rarely (rzadko), never (nigdy)
3) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Zapomniane -s w 3 os. l.poj. — She play ❌ → She plays ✅
- -s w pytaniach/przeczeniach — Does she plays? ❌ → Does she play? ✅
- Study → studies (zmiana y → ies), ale play → plays (po samogłosce y + s)
- Kolejność wyrazów w pytaniu — You do like tea? ❌ → Do you like tea? ✅
- Przeczenie z to be — z am/is/are nie używamy do/does: She isn’t tired ✅, nie She doesn’t be tired ❌
4) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
5) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson1_ex*)
5.1 Fill in the blanks — Affirmative
Remember: he/she/it → -s / -es / -ies.
- She ____ (like) coffee.
- They ____ (live) in London.
- The sun ____ (set) in the west.
- My brother ____ (go) to work at 8.
- Anna ____ (study) at the library.
5.2 Make negatives
Rule: Subject + do/does + not + Verb (base).
- He works in a shop. →
- I go to school every day. →
- She likes tea. →
5.3 Make questions
Rule: Do/Does + Subject + Verb?
- She plays tennis on Sundays. →
- They watch TV in the evening. →
- Tom goes to bed at ten. →
5.4 Short answers
- Does she live here? →
- Do they work on Sundays? →
6) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 2 Present Continuous
Lesson 2: Present Continuous (Czas teraźniejszy ciągły)
1) When do we use Present Continuous?
- Actions happening now (now,
at the
moment, right
now):
I am reading a book now.
- Temporary situations (temporary
situations):
He is staying with his friends this week.
- Near-future plans/arrangements (near-future
plans):
We are going to the cinema tonight.
2) How to build Present Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
- I am working.
- She is working.
- They are working.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing
- I am not working.
- She is not working. / She isn’t working.
- They are not working. / They aren’t working.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb-ing + … ?
- Am I working?
- Is she working?
- Are they working?
2.4 Short answers (krótkie odpowiedzi)
- Is she studying? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
- Are they playing? — Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
3) Spelling: adding -ing (pisownia)
- Most verbs: add -ing → play → playing, read → reading
- Drop final -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double final consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, shop → shopping
- Verb ending in -ie: lie → lying, die → dying
4) Important: stative verbs (czasowniki statyczne)
Nie używamy zwykle w Present Continuous: know, believe, understand, love, like, want, need, hate, prefer, remember, forget, see/hear (zmysł). Mówimy: I know the answer ✅, nie I am knowing ❌.
5) Present Continuous vs. Present Simple (mini-kontrast)
- Present Simple = zwyczaje i fakty: I usually drink tea.
- Present Continuous = teraz/tymczasowo: I am drinking tea now.
6) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
7) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak czasownika “to be”: I reading ❌ → I am reading ✅
- Mylenie PS z PC: I read now ❌ → I’m reading now ✅ (PS zostaw dla zwyczajów)
- Zła pisownia -ing: writeing ❌ → writing ✅; sit → siting ❌ → sitting ✅
- Stative verbs w PC: I’m knowing ❌ → I know ✅
- Słowo “to” z be going to vs. Continuous: We are go to cinema ❌ → We are going to the cinema ✅
8) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson2_ex*)
8.1 Fill in the blanks — verb in Present Continuous
Use: am/is/are + verb-ing (z poprawną pisownią -ing).
- She ____ (watch) TV now.
- We ____ (eat) dinner at the moment.
- The baby ____ (sleep) right now.
- Tom ____ (write) an email this minute.
- I ____ (sit) in the garden.
8.2 Make negatives
Rule: am/is/are + not + verb-ing.
- I am studying English. →
- He is cooking dinner. →
- They are playing football. →
8.3 Make questions
Rule: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?
- They are playing football now. →
- She is listening to music. →
- We are going to the cinema tonight. →
8.4 Choose: Present Simple or Present Continuous?
Wpisz PS lub PC (skróty):
- I usually read in the evening. →
- I am reading an article now. →
- She goes to work at 8. →
- He is staying with us this week. →
9) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 3 Present Perfect
Lesson 3: Present Perfect (Czas teraźniejszy dokonany)
1) When do we use Present Perfect?
- Life experiences (bez “kiedy”):
I have visited Paris.Tip: używamy słów ever (kiedykolwiek), never (nigdy), bez konkretnej daty.
- Actions that started in the past and continue:
She has lived here for five years.for + okres (for five years), since + punkt startu (since 2010).
- Recently completed actions (skutek teraz):
He has just finished his work.just, already, yet — typowe przysłówki dla Present Perfect.
2) How to build Present Perfect (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle
- I/You/We/They have worked. • She/He/It has worked.
- We have finished the project.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + have/has not + past participle
- I have not (haven’t) seen it. • She has not (hasn’t) seen it.
- They haven’t finished yet.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Have/Has + Subject + past participle + … ?
- Have you finished?
- Has she called you?
2.4 Word order with adverbs (szyk wyrazów)
- have/has + just/already + past participle: She has just left. / We have already eaten.
- haven’t/hasn’t + past participle + yet: I haven’t finished yet.
- ever/never między podmiotem a participle: Have you ever been…? I have never seen…
3) Past participles (III forma) — krótkie ściągi
- Regular: work → worked, play → played, want → wanted
- Irregular (częste): go–went–gone, see–saw–seen, eat–ate–eaten, have–had–had, do–did–done, take–took–taken, come–came–come, write–wrote–written
4) Present Perfect vs. Past Simple (mini-kontrast)
- Present Perfect – kiedy nie jest ważne / skutek teraz: I have lost my keys (nie mogę wejść).
- Past Simple – zakończony czas w przeszłości z datą: I lost my keys yesterday.
5) Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous (mini-notatka)
- Have/has + V3 (wynik): I have read the book (skończyłem).
- Have/has been + V-ing (czas trwania): I have been reading (czytam od jakiegoś czasu, może jeszcze czytam).
6) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak have/has: I visited Paris (to Past Simple). Present Perfect wymaga have/has + V3.
- “since/for” mylone: since 2010 (punkt startu), for five years (okres).
- Just/already/yet w złym miejscu: *She has already finished* ✅; *I haven’t finished yet* ✅.
- Ever/never z Past Simple: *Have you ever been…?* ✅, nie *Did you ever be…?* ❌
- V3 dla nieregularnych: *He has went* ❌ → He has gone ✅.
7) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
8) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson3_ex*)
8.1 Fill in the blanks — Present Perfect
Use: have/has + V3 (past participle). Zwróć uwagę na ever/never/just/already/yet i for/since.
- She ____ (never / be) to New York.
- I ____ (just / finish) my homework.
- We ____ (live) here since 2010.
- He ____ (already / eat) lunch.
- Have you ____ (ever / see) this film?
8.2 Make negatives
Rule: have/has + not + V3. yet zwykle na końcu zdania.
- He has seen this movie. →
- I have met her before. →
8.3 Make questions
Rule: Have/Has + subject + V3?
- She has worked here for 3 years. →
- They have traveled to Spain. →
8.4 Choose: for or since?
- She has lived here ____ 2018. →
- We have known each other ____ many years. →
8.5 Present Perfect or Past Simple?
Wpisz PP (Present Perfect) lub PS (Past Simple).
- I have lost my keys. →
- I lost my keys yesterday. →
9) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 4 Present Perfect Continuous
Lesson 4: Present Perfect Continuous (Czas teraźniejszy dokonany ciągły)
1) When do we use Present Perfect Continuous?
- Action started in the past and still continuing (since
/ for):
I have been learning English for two years.for + okres (for two years), since + punkt startu (since 2023).
- Recently finished with visible result now:
She is tired because she has been running.Skutek teraz (np. zmęczenie, mokre włosy, brudne ręce) jest ważny.
2) How to build Present Perfect Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + have/has been + verb-ing
- I/You/We/They have been working. • She/He/It has been working.
- We have been working all morning.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + have/has not + been + verb-ing
- I haven’t been reading. • She hasn’t been reading.
- They haven’t been playing football.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Have/Has + Subject + been + verb-ing + … ?
- Have you been working?
- Has she been studying?
2.4 Short answers (krótkie odpowiedzi)
- Have you been waiting long? — Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
- Has he been running? — Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
3) Spelling reminder: adding -ing
- Most verbs: play → playing, read → reading
- Drop final -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double final consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, shop → shopping
4) PPC vs. Present Perfect vs. Present Continuous (mini-kontrast)
- Present Perfect Continuous (czas trwania + efekt teraz): I’ve been reading for 2 hours (okres trwania, mogę jeszcze czytać).
- Present Perfect (wynik): I’ve read the book (skończyłem).
- Present Continuous (teraz, chwila mówienia): I’m reading now (bez akcentu na czas trwania).
5) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “been”: *I have been learn* ❌ → I have been learning ✅
- Mylone z PP: *I have been read the book* ❌ (do wyniku użyj PP: I have read), do trwania użyj PPC.
- for/since — for + okres (for two hours), since + punkt startu (since 7 o’clock).
- Stative verbs zwykle nie w PPC: know, believe, like, want — użyj raczej PP/PS (np. I’ve known him for years).
- Niepotrzebne -ing przy czasownikach, które naturalnie nie mają aspektu ciągłego w tym znaczeniu (np. *I’ve been knowing* ❌).
6) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
7) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson4_ex*)
7.1 Fill in the blanks — Present Perfect Continuous
Use: have/has + been + verb-ing. Zwróć uwagę na for/since i pisownię -ing.
- She ____ (wait) for you for two hours.
- We ____ (work) all morning.
- He ____ (study) English for three years.
- I ____ (write) emails since 8 a.m.
- They ____ (run) and they’re sweaty now.
7.2 Make negatives
Rule: have/has + not + been + verb-ing.
- I have been reading a book. →
- They have been playing football. →
7.3 Make questions
Rule: Have/Has + subject + been + verb-ing?
- She has been cooking for an hour. →
- They have been working here since 2015. →
7.4 Choose: for or since?
- We have been waiting ____ two hours. →
- He has been studying ____ 2022. →
7.5 PPC or PP?
Wpisz PPC (Present Perfect Continuous) lub PP (Present Perfect).
- I ____ (read) this book for two days and I’m on page 50. →
- I ____ (read) the book. You can take it. →
8) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
więcej o czasach przeszłych
Lekcja 1 Past Simple
Lesson 1: Past Simple (Czas przeszły prosty)
1) When do we use Past Simple?
- Finished actions in the past (zakończone):
I visited Paris last year.
- Action at a specific past time (konkretny moment):
He started school in 2010.
- Series of past events (sekwencja):
I woke up, had breakfast, and went to work.
2) How to build Past Simple (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + V2 (II forma) / verb + -ed dla regularnych.
- I/She worked. • He went home. • They played chess.
- She visited her grandma last weekend.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + did not (didn’t) + base verb (I forma).
- I didn’t work. • She didn’t go. • They didn’t see it.
- They didn’t play football yesterday.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Did + Subject + base verb + … ?
- Did you work? • Did she go? • Did they see it?
- Did you watch the film last night?
3) Spelling for regular verbs (-ed)
- Most: work → worked, play → played
- y → ied po spółgłosce: study → studied; po samogłosce: play → played
- Double consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): stop → stopped, plan → planned
4) Irregular verbs (V2) — mini-ściąga
go → went, see → saw, eat → ate, have → had, do → did, get → got, come → came, take → took, make → made, say → said
5) Past Simple vs. Present Perfect (mini-kontrast)
- PS — przeszłość z konkretnym czasem: I visited Rome last year.
- PP — brak konkretnej daty / skutek teraz: I have visited Rome.
6) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Użycie V2 po “did”: *Did you went?* ❌ → Did you go? ✅
- Przeczenie z V2: *She didn’t went* ❌ → She didn’t go ✅
- Mieszanie PS z PP: *I have seen it yesterday* ❌ → I saw it yesterday ✅
- Zła pisownia -ed: *studed* ❌ → studied ✅; *stoped* ❌ → stopped ✅
7) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
8) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson5_ex*)
8.1 Fill in the blanks — Past Simple
Use: V2 (nieregularne) lub verb + -ed (regularne). W przeczeniach/pytaniach używaj did + I forma.
- She ____ (visit) her grandma last weekend.
- They ____ (not/play) football yesterday.
- ____ you ____ (watch) the film last night?
- He ____ (start) school in 2010.
- We ____ (go) to Spain two years ago.
8.2 Make negatives
Rule: Subject + did not (didn’t) + base verb.
- He worked in a shop. →
- I studied English. →
- She cooked dinner. →
8.3 Make questions
Rule: Did + subject + base verb + … ?
- She cooked dinner. →
- They traveled to Spain. →
- He saw the film yesterday. →
8.4 PS or PP?
Wpisz PS (Past Simple) lub PP (Present Perfect).
- I ____ (see) this movie yesterday. →
- I ____ (see) this movie. (no time given) →
9) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 2 Past Continuous
Lesson 2: Past Continuous (Czas przeszły ciągły)
1) When do we use Past Continuous?
- Action in progress at a specific past time:
I was watching TV at 8 PM.
- Longer action interrupted by a shorter one:
She was cooking when the phone rang.Wzór: Past Continuous + when + Past Simple.
- Two actions in progress at the same time:
I was reading while he was playing the guitar.while często łączy dwie czynności w Past Continuous.
2) How to build Past Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + was/were + verb-ing
- I/He/She/It was working. • You/We/They were working.
- They were walking in the park at 5 PM.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + was/were not + verb-ing
- I wasn’t sleeping. • They weren’t playing.
- I wasn’t sleeping at 7 AM.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Was/Were + Subject + verb-ing + … ?
- Was I working? • Were they working?
- What were you doing at that time?
3) Using “when” and “while” (kiedy / podczas gdy)
- when + krótsza czynność (Past Simple): I was having a shower when the lights went out.
- while + dłuższa czynność (zwykle PC): While I was driving, it started to rain.
4) Spelling reminder: adding -ing
- Most verbs: play → playing, read → reading
- Drop final -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double final consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, stop → stopping
5) Past Continuous vs. Past Simple (mini-kontrast)
- Past Continuous — tło/dłuższa czynność: I was reading.
- Past Simple — punkt/przerwanie: the phone rang.
- Łącznie: I was reading when the phone rang.
6) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “was/were”: *I reading* ❌ → I was reading ✅
- Mylenie when/while: *While the phone rang, I was cooking* ❌ → I was cooking when the phone rang ✅
- Stative verbs rzadko w PC: know, believe, like, want — użyj Past Simple: I knew, I wanted.
- Podwójne -ing po “was/were”: *was readinged* ❌ → was reading ✅
7) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
8) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson6_ex*)
8.1 Fill in the blanks — Past Continuous
Use: was/were + verb-ing. Pamiętaj o when/while.
- She ____ (watch) TV when you called.
- We ____ (walk) in the park at 5 PM.
- What ____ you ____ (do) at that time?
- I ____ (read) while he ____ (play) the guitar.
- They ____ (not/sleep) when the baby ____ (cry).
8.2 Make negatives
Rule: was/were + not + verb-ing.
- I was sleeping at 7 AM. →
- They were playing football. →
8.3 Make questions
Rule: Was/Were + subject + verb-ing?
- She was cooking when the phone rang. →
- They were studying at 6 PM. →
8.4 PC or PS?
Wpisz PC (Past Continuous) lub PS (Past Simple).
- He was walking home when it started to rain. →
- We watched the match last night. →
- They were talking while I was driving. →
9) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 3 Past Perfect
Lesson 3: Past Perfect (Czas zaprzeszły)
1) When do we use Past Perfect?
- Earlier past → before another past action:
I had finished my homework before they arrived.Wzór osi czasu: Past Perfect (wcześniej) + Past Simple (później).
- Completed before a specific past time:
She had already left when I got home.already, before, by the time, when — sygnały czasu zaprzeszłego.
2) How to build Past Perfect (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + had + past participle (V3)
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It had worked / had gone / had seen.
- By the time we arrived, they had finished dinner.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + had not (hadn’t) + V3
- I hadn’t seen it. • She hadn’t arrived.
- He hadn’t finished yet.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Had + Subject + V3 + … ?
- Had you finished? • Had she left?
- Had you read the book before the test?
3) Useful markers (sygnały Past Perfect)
before, after, by the time, when, already, just, yet
4) Past participles — mini ściąga
- Regular: work → worked, play → played, visit → visited
- Irregular (V3): go → gone, see → seen, eat → eaten, write → written, take → taken, do → done
5) Past Perfect vs. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect (mini-kontrast)
- Past Perfect: wcześniejsza przeszłość → I had eaten before they arrived.
- Past Simple: punkt w przeszłości → They arrived at 7.
- Present Perfect: przeszłość z wpływem na teraz / bez daty → I have eaten (teraz nie jestem głodny).
6) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- “did” w Past Perfect: *Did you had read…?* ❌ → Had you read…? ✅
- Zła forma V3: *had went* ❌ → had gone ✅; *had saw* ❌ → had seen ✅
- Kolejność zdań: jeśli używasz before/after, kolejność zdań może się odwrócić, ale logika czasu pozostaje ta sama.
- Past Perfect bez potrzeby: używaj go, gdy naprawdę są dwie przeszłe chwile i jedna jest wcześniejsza.
7) Extra examples (tooltipy + audio)
8) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson7_ex*)
8.1 Fill in the blanks — Past Perfect
Use: had + V3. Pamiętaj o before / by the time / when / already / never.
- She ____ (never / see) that movie before.
- By the time we arrived, they ____ (finish) dinner.
- ____ you ____ (read) the book before the test?
- He ____ (already / leave) when I called.
- After we ____ (pack), we went to the station.
8.2 Make negatives
Rule: had + not + V3. yet zwykle na końcu.
- He had visited Paris. →
- I had met her before. →
8.3 Make questions
Rule: Had + subject + V3?
- She had left before I arrived. →
- They had finished their work. →
8.4 Choose: Past Perfect (PPf) or Past Simple (PS)?
- When we got to the cinema, the film ____ (start) already. →
- We ____ (arrive) at 7 o’clock. →
9) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 4 Past Perfect Continuous
Lesson 4: Past Perfect Continuous (Czas zaprzeszły ciągły)
1) When do we use Past Perfect Continuous?
- Duration before another past action:
I had been studying for two hours before the exam.Wzór osi czasu: dłuższa czynność (PPC) → potem krótsza (Past Simple / Past Perfect).
- Finished just before a past moment with a visible result:
She was tired because she had been running.Skutek w tamtym momencie przeszłym (np. zmęczenie, mokre ubrania) jest ważny.
2) How to build Past Perfect Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + had been + verb-ing
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It had been working.
- We had been working all morning before lunch.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + had not (hadn’t) been + verb-ing
- I hadn’t been reading. • They hadn’t been playing.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Had + Subject + been + verb-ing + … ?
- Had you been working? • Had she been studying?
2.4 Spelling reminder: adding -ing
- Most: work → working, read → reading
- Drop -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, stop → stopping
3) PPC (Past Perfect Continuous) vs. Past Perfect vs. Past Continuous
- PPC — akcent na trwanie przed inną przeszłą akcją: I had been studying for two hours before the exam.
- Past Perfect — akcent na wynik/zakończenie przed inną przeszłą akcją: I had studied the material before the exam.
- Past Continuous — trwało w danym momencie w przeszłości: I was studying at 8 p.m.
4) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “been”: *I had been study* ❌ → I had been studying ✅
- Użycie “did” w pytaniach: *Did you had been…?* ❌ → Had you been…? ✅
- for/since — for + okres (for two hours), since + punkt startu (since 2015).
- Stative verbs zwykle nie w PPC (know, like, want) → użyj Past Perfect: I had known…
- Mylenie z PC: *She was tired because she was running* ✳ (możliwe, ale bez akcentu na wcześniejsze trwanie); lepiej PPC, gdy skutek jest wyraźny.
5) Extra examples (z tooltipami i audio)
6) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson8_ex*)
6.1 Fill in the blanks — Past Perfect Continuous
Use: had been + verb-ing. Zwróć uwagę na before/by the time i for/since.
- She ____ (wait) for you for two hours before you arrived.
- We ____ (work) all morning before lunch.
- He ____ (study) English for three years before moving to the UK.
- I ____ (write) emails for an hour before the meeting.
- They were tired because they ____ (run).
6.2 Make negatives
Rule: had + not + been + verb-ing.
- I had been reading a book. →
- They had been playing football. →
6.3 Make questions
Rule: Had + subject + been + verb-ing?
- She had been cooking for an hour. →
- They had been working here since 2015. →
6.4 Choose: PPC (Past Perfect Continuous), PPf (Past Perfect) or PC (Past Continuous)?
- By the time we met, she ____ (travel) for months. →
- When I called at 8, he ____ (sleep). →
- After he ____ (finish) lunch, he called me. →
7) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
więcej o czasach przyszłych
Lekcja 1 Future Simple
Lesson 1: Future Simple (Czas przyszły prosty — will)
1) When do we use Future Simple?
- Spontaneous decisions (decyzja w chwili mówienia):
I will help you with your homework.
- Predictions (przewidywania, często z “think”,
“probably”):
It will rain tomorrow.
- Promises, threats, offers:
I will always love you.
- Future facts (fakty niezależne od nas):
The sun will rise at 6 AM.
2) How to build Future Simple (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + will + base verb
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It will work. • Short form: I’ll, She’ll, We’ll…
- She will call you later.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) + base verb
- I won’t go. • She will not work.
- We won’t go to the party.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Will + Subject + base verb + … ?
- Will you help? • Will she work?
- Will you help me with this?
3) Will vs. be going to vs. Present Continuous (mini-kontrast)
- will — decyzja teraz / obietnica / przewidywanie bez dowodów: I’ll open the window.
- be going to — plany/zamiary lub przewidywania z dowodem: Look at the clouds — it’s going to rain.
- Present Continuous (future) — umówione/ustalone: We are meeting Tom at 6.
4) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Podwójny “will”: *I will to go* ❌ → I will go ✅
- Zła forma czasownika po “will”: *She will goes* ❌ → She will go ✅ (zawsze I forma)
- Mylone użycie z planami: *Tomorrow I will visit the dentist* (OK ogólnie), ale jeśli to umówione → I am visiting the dentist tomorrow.
- Apostrof w “won’t”: pamiętaj o formie won’t, nie *wont*.
5) Extra examples (tooltipy + audio)
6) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson9_ex*)
6.1 Fill in the blanks — Future Simple
Use: will / won’t + base verb. (Nigdy nie dodaj -s ani -ed po “will”.)
- She ____ (call) you later.
- We ____ (not/go) to the party.
- ____ you ____ (help) me with this?
- I think it ____ (rain) this evening.
- He promises he ____ (always/support) you.
6.2 Make negatives
Rule: will not (= won’t) + base verb.
- He will work on Sunday. →
- I will visit my grandma. →
6.3 Make questions
Rule: Will + subject + base verb?
- She will study medicine. →
- They will arrive at 5 PM. →
6.4 Choose: will, going to, or Present Continuous?
Wpisz will / going to / PC (present continuous).
- It’s so hot here. I ____ open the window. (decyzja teraz)
- Look at those clouds! It’s ____ rain. (dowód teraz)
- We ____ meeting Anna at 6. (umówione)
7) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 2 Future Continuous
Lesson 2: Future Continuous (Czas przyszły ciągły — will be + V-ing)
1) When do we use Future Continuous?
- Action in progress at a specific future time:
This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London.
- Planned/expected action at a future moment
(schedule/arrangement):
We will be having dinner at 8 PM.
2) How to build Future Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + will be + verb-ing
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It will be working.
- She will be sleeping at midnight.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) be + verb-ing
- I won’t be working. • They will not be traveling.
- We won’t be traveling tomorrow morning.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Will + Subject + be + verb-ing + … ?
- Will you be working? • Will she be studying?
- Will you be waiting for me at 6 PM?
3) Spelling reminder: adding -ing
- Most: work → working, read → reading
- Drop final -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double final consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, stop → stopping
4) Future Continuous vs. Future Simple vs. Present Continuous (future)
- Future Continuous — czynność w trakcie o danej godzinie w przyszłości: At 8 PM, I’ll be working.
- Future Simple (will) — decyzja teraz/obietnica/przewidywanie: I’ll help you.
- Present Continuous (future) — ustalone plany: We are meeting Tom at 6.
5) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “be”: *I will working* ❌ → I will be working ✅
- Dodawanie -s/-ed po “will be”: *She will be works* ❌ → She will be working ✅
- Pytania bez inwersji: *You will be working?* ❌ → Will you be working? ✅
- Mylenie z PC (teraz): jeśli mówisz o konkretnym momencie w przyszłości, użyj FC: At noon tomorrow, I’ll be driving.
6) Extra examples (tooltipy + audio)
7) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson10_ex*)
7.1 Fill in the blanks — Future Continuous
Use: will be + verb-ing. Pamiętaj o godzinach i wyrażeniach czasu przyszłego.
- She ____ (sleep) at midnight.
- We ____ (not/travel) tomorrow morning.
- ____ you ____ (wait) for me at 6 PM?
- This time next week, I ____ (work) from Spain.
- When you arrive, they ____ (have) dinner.
7.2 Make negatives
Rule: will not (= won’t) be + verb-ing.
- He will be watching TV at 8 PM. →
- I will be working all day. →
7.3 Make questions
Rule: Will + subject + be + verb-ing?
- She will be studying at this time tomorrow. →
- They will be cooking dinner. →
7.4 Choose: FC (Future Continuous) or FS (Future Simple)?
- It’s very hot — I ____ open the window. (decyzja teraz) →
- At 10 PM tomorrow, I ____ still ____ (work). →
- Don’t call at 6 — they ____ (eat). →
8) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 3 Future Perfect
Lesson 3: Future Perfect (Czas przyszły dokonany — will have + V3)
1) When do we use Future Perfect?
- Completed before a specific time in the future:
By next year, I will have finished my studies.
- Completed before another future event:
She will have left before you arrive.Wzór osi czasu: Future Perfect (wcześniej w przyszłości) + Future Simple / Present Simple (późniejszy punkt odniesienia).
2) How to build Future Perfect (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + will have + past participle (V3)
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It will have finished.
- By Friday, she will have finished the book.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) have + V3
- We won’t have saved enough money by then.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Will + Subject + have + V3 + … ?
- Will you have completed the project by next week?
3) Past participles — mini ściąga
- Regular: work → worked, play → played, finish → finished
- Irregular (V3): go → gone, see → seen, write → written, take → taken, do → done, eat → eaten
4) Future Perfect vs. Future Simple vs. Present Perfect (future meaning)
- Future Perfect — rezultat zanim nadejdzie przyszły punkt: By 6 PM, I will have cooked.
- Future Simple — obietnica/decyzja/przewidywanie: I’ll cook tonight.
- Present Perfect (z “by the time” + future) — w zdaniu podrzędnym często Present Simple: She will have left before you arrive.
5) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “have”: *I will finished* ❌ → I will have finished ✅
- Zła forma V3: *will have went* ❌ → will have gone ✅
- “By” vs. “until”: z Future Perfect używaj częściej by (= do danego momentu), a nie until (do czasu, często z Continuous).
- Za wczesne użycie czasu przyszłego w podrzędnym: *before you will arrive* ❌ → before you arrive ✅
6) Extra examples (tooltipy + audio)
7) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson11_ex*)
7.1 Fill in the blanks — Future Perfect
Use: will have + V3. Zwróć uwagę na by/before/by the time.
- She ____ (finish) the book by Friday.
- We ____ (not/save) enough money by then.
- ____ you ____ (complete) the project by next week?
- By the end of the day, I ____ (send) all the emails.
- They ____ (move) to a new flat by October.
7.2 Make negatives
Rule: will not (= won’t) have + V3.
- He will have graduated by June. →
- I will have visited Paris. →
7.3 Make questions
Rule: Will + subject + have + V3?
- She will have left before I arrive. →
- They will have finished their work. →
7.4 Choose: FP (Future Perfect) or FS (Future Simple)?
- By 6 PM, she ____ (cook) dinner. →
- I think they ____ (win) the match. →
8) Full Polish translation (tłumaczenie)
Lekcja 4 Future Perfect Continuous
Lesson 4: Future Perfect Continuous (Czas przyszły dokonany ciągły — will have been + V-ing)
1) When do we use Future Perfect Continuous?
- Duration that will have been in progress by a future
point:
By next year, I will have been working here for five years.Wzór osi czasu: trwanie (FPC) → do określonego momentu w przyszłości.
- Action continuing up to a future time with a
visible/expected state:
By 6 PM, she will have been studying for three hours.
2) How to build Future Perfect Continuous (step by step)
2.1 Affirmative (twierdzące)
Structure: Subject + will have been + verb-ing
- I/You/We/They/He/She/It will have been working.
- By 6 PM, she will have been studying for three hours.
2.2 Negative (przeczące)
Structure: Subject + will not (won’t) have been + verb-ing
- We won’t have been working here for ten years by next month.
2.3 Questions (pytające)
Structure: Will + Subject + have been + verb-ing + … ?
- Will you have been studying English for three years by 2026?
3) Spelling reminder: adding -ing
- Most verbs: work → working, read → reading
- Drop final -e: write → writing, make → making (ale: be → being, see → seeing)
- Double final consonant (C-V-C, akcent na końcu): run → running, sit → sitting, stop → stopping
4) FPC vs. FP vs. FC (mini-kontrast)
- FPC (Future Perfect Continuous): akcent na trwanie do danego momentu — By 6, I’ll have been working for 8 hours.
- FP (Future Perfect): akcent na zakończony rezultat — By 6, I’ll have finished.
- FC (Future Continuous): akcent na czynność w trakcie o godz. X — At 6, I’ll be working.
5) Najczęstsze błędy (Common mistakes)
- Brak “been”: *will have working* ❌ → will have been working ✅
- Zła pozycja “for/since”: trzymaj je blisko odcinka czasu/punktu startu: for three hours / since 2015.
- Stative verbs zwykle nie mają form ciągłych (know, believe, like) → użyj raczej FP: By then, I will have known…
- Mylenie “by” i “until”: w FPC typowo by (= do pewnego momentu), until częściej z FC (będzie trwać aż do momentu).
6) Extra examples (tooltipy + audio)
7) Exercises (unikalne ID: lesson12_ex*)
7.1 Fill in the blanks — Future Perfect Continuous
Use: will have been + V-ing. Zwróć uwagę na by + moment i for/since.
- She ____ (wait) for you for two hours by 6 PM.
- We ____ (not/work) here for ten years by next month.
- ____ you ____ (study) English for three years by 2026?
- By the time you arrive, I ____ (drive) for five hours.
- Next June, they ____ (live) in London for a decade.
7.2 Make negatives
Rule: will not (= won’t) have been + V-ing.
- I will have been reading for two hours. →
- They will have been playing football. →
7.3 Make questions
Rule: Will + subject + have been + V-ing?
- She will have been cooking for an hour. →
- They will have been working here since 2015. →
7.4 Choose: FPC (Future Perfect Continuous), FP (Future Perfect) or FC (Future Continuous)?
- By 9 PM, she ____ (run) for two hours. →
- At 9 PM, she ____ (run). →
- By 9 PM, she ____ (finish) the report. →